Chapter+10+(SPED+420+Notes)

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**__Chapter #10__**

Chapter #10 Outline:





Teaching Students with Learning Problems, 8th Edition, Cecil D. Mercer; Ann R. Mercer; Paige C. Pullen (2011)



Teaching Students with Learning Problems, 8th Edition, Cecil D. Mercer; Ann R. Mercer; Paige C. Pullen (2011)



Teaching Students with Learning Problems, 8th Edition, Cecil D. Mercer; Ann R. Mercer; Paige C. Pullen (2011)



Teaching Students with Learning Problems, 8th Edition, Cecil D. Mercer; Ann R. Mercer; Paige C. Pullen (2011)



Teaching Students with Learning Problems, 8th Edition, Cecil D. Mercer; Ann R. Mercer; Paige C. Pullen (2011)



Teaching Students with Learning Problems, 8th Edition, Cecil D. Mercer; Ann R. Mercer; Paige C. Pullen (2011)



Teaching Students with Learning Problems, 8th Edition, Cecil D. Mercer; Ann R. Mercer; Paige C. Pullen (2011)



Teaching Students with Learning Problems, 8th Edition, Cecil D. Mercer; Ann R. Mercer; Paige C. Pullen (2011)



Teaching Students with Learning Problems, 8th Edition, Cecil D. Mercer; Ann R. Mercer; Paige C. Pullen (2011)

**Four-step sequence that focuses on writing lowercase letters accurately and fluently **

 * ===**//Alphabet warm-up //**. The students practice naming, matching, and sequencing alphabet letters. ===
 * ===**//Alphabet practice //**. The students practice writing unit letters in isolation. ===
 * ===**//Alphabet rockets //**. The students repeatedly write a sentence containing unit letters during a 3-minute time frame, and the students record the number of letters written. ===
 * ===**//Alphabet fun //**. The teacher models how to make a unit letter in a funny way. ===

Teaching Students with Learning Problems, 8th Edition, Cecil D. Mercer; Ann R. Mercer; Paige C. Pullen (2011)

The letter Families include: Teaching Students with Learning Problems, 8th Edition, Cecil D. Mercer; Ann R. Mercer; Paige C. Pullen (2011)
 * The "e" family (taught first): e, l, h, f, b, k
 * The family with a handle to which the next letter is attached: b, o, v, w
 * The family that emphasizes the correct formation of hump shaped letters: n, s, y
 * The "c" family: c, a, d, o, q, g
 * The hump family: n, m, v, y, x
 * The family with tails in the back: f, q
 * The family with tails in the front: g, p, y, z

The acronym PENS helps the student remember the steps to sentence writing :

 * ===**P **—//Pick// a sentence type and formula. ===
 * ===**E **—//Explore// words to fit the formula. ===
 * ===**<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">N **<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">—//Note// the words ===
 * ===**<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">S **<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">—//Search// for verbs and subjects, and check. ===

<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;"> Schumaker and Sheldon (1998, 1999)
Teaching Students with Learning Problems, 8th Edition, Cecil D. Mercer; Ann R. Mercer; Paige C. Pullen (2011)

<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">The use of a first-letter mnemonic cues the student how to complete the writing task independently :

 * ===**<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">P **<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">—//Pick// ===
 * ===**<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">L **<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">—//List// ===
 * ===<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">E—//Evaluate// ===
 * ===**<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">A **<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">—//Activate// ===
 * ===**<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">S **<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">—//Supply// ===
 * ===**<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">E **<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">—//End// and //evaluate// ===

Teaching Students with Learning Problems, 8th Edition, Cecil D. Mercer; Ann R. Mercer; Paige C. Pullen (2011)

==<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">To cue the student to detect four kinds of common errors, the teacher can introduce COPS questions to be used as an error-monitoring strategy: ==
 * ===**<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">C **<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">—Have I //capitalized// the first word and proper nouns? ===
 * ===**<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">O **<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">—How is the //overall// appearance? (Look at spacing, legibility, indention of paragraphs, neatness, and complete sentences.) ===
 * ===**<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">P **<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">—Have I put in commas, semicolons, and end //punctuation//? ===
 * ===**<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">S **<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">—Have I //spelled// all the words correctly? ===

<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">(Schumaker, Nolan, & Deshler, 1985
Teaching Students with Learning Problems, 8th Edition, Cecil D. Mercer; Ann R. Mercer; Paige C. Pullen (2011)

<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">DARE is a strategy to help students compose appropriate opinion papers.
Teaching Students with Learning Problems, 8th Edition, Cecil D. Mercer; Ann R. Mercer; Paige C. Pullen (2011)
 * ===<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">D—//Develop// a position statement ===
 * ===<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">A—//Add// supporting arguments. ===
 * ===<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">R—//Report// and refute counter arguments. ===
 * ===<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">E—//End// with a strong conclusion. ===

==<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">SPACE, which also is a first letter-mnemonic, prompts students to remember the elements necessary in a fictional narrative : == Teaching Students with Learning Problems, 8th Edition, Cecil D. Mercer; Ann R. Mercer; Paige C. Pullen (2011)
 * ===<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">S—//Setting// elements ===
 * ===<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">P—//Problems// ===
 * ===<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">A—//Actions// ===
 * ===<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">C—//Consequences// ===
 * ===<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">E—//Emotions// ===

<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;"> Teaching theme writing through the use of the acronym TOWER provides a structured approach:

 * ===**<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">T **<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">—//Think// (e.g., about content such as title, major subtopics, and details) ===
 * ===**<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">O **<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">—//Organize// it (i.e., topics and details). ===
 * ===**<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">W **<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">—//Write// a draft. ===
 * ===**<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">E **<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">—//Evaluate// it (i.e., look for errors by using COPS). ===
 * ===**<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">R **<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">—//Refine// it. ===

<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;"> (Schumaker, 2003)
Teaching Students with Learning Problems, 8th Edition, Cecil D. Mercer; Ann R. Mercer; Paige C. Pullen (2011)

==<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">Strategy using the acronym HOW to improve the appearance of written work and remind the student how the paper should look : == Teaching Students with Learning Problems, 8th Edition, Cecil D. Mercer; Ann R. Mercer; Paige C. Pullen (2011)
 * ===**<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">H **<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">—//Heading// ===
 * ===**<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">O **<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">—//Organized// ===
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">W **<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">—//Written neatly//

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